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-
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- IEN 52 D. Cohen
- Notebook Section 2.3.3.18 USC-ISI
- 11 August 1978
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- Some Thoughts About the Multiplexing Issue in Networks
- ------------------------------------------------------
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- For several years we have enjoyed the beauty and the structure offered
- by the modular approach to protocols. This approach leads to the
- separation of communication layers (headers, etc) according to their
- originating and receiving agencies (processes, protocols etc).
-
- It is very unfortunate that an undesired by-product of this approach is
- the failure to merge communication units (messages) which have a great
- deal of common communication attributes, even when they have some small
- differences.
-
- A case in point is the inability to introduce multiplexing arbitrarily
- into the protocol-tree stucture.
-
- It is intuitive that it is very desirable to be able to merge TELNET
- messages between the same source/destination hosts pair, especially when
- a small number of characters are communicated in each message.
-
- Similarly, NCP and TCP messages which are addressed to the same
- destination host, could be merged even though they are between different
- protocols.
-
- The same approach applies on ALL levels.
-
- It is important to be able to use this kind of multiplexing in order to
- share (and therefore save) headers, or parts of headers, and in order to
- save switching time.
-
- Consider a simple example, voice communication, using NVP through TCP
- (just for the example), and internetting through the SATNet. The voice
- data rate is R, and a message is sent every T time.
-
- The amount of voice data in each message is RxT, added to that is the
- NVP header of length Lv, the TCP header of length Lt, the IN header of
- length Li, and the HOST/SIMP header of length Ls.
-
- Hence, the communication efficiency is:
-
- R x T
- eff = ---------------------------
- R x T + Lv + Lt + Li + Ls
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-
-
- Cohen [Page 1]
-
-
- IEN 52 11 August 1978
- Multiplexing
-
-
-
- Assume the following numbers:
-
- R = 2,400 bps
- T = 200 milliseconds, for interactive communication
- RxT = 480 bits, for a packet of voice data
- Lv = 48 bits, including local-extension, time-stamp, parcels count
- and silence indication.
- Lt = 160 bits, including the PORT.
- Li = 160 bits, (without the optional OPTIONS field)
- Ls = 96 bits, according to PSPWN-100
-
- For these numbers the efficiency is:
-
- 480 480
- eff = --------------------------- = ----- = 50.8%
- 480 + 48 + 160 + 160 + 96 944
-
- If N voice communications between different "extensions" in the same
- hosts pair are multiplexed, then the efficiency (again, at the
- interface, not in the communication media) is:
-
- R x T
- eff = ---------------------------------
- R x T + Lv + (Lt + Li + Ls) / N
-
- Which for N=2 is 65.2% and for N=3 is 72.0%. It is obvious that the
- efficiency increases with N, and that in this case its limit is 90.9%.
-
- This is, obviously, the efficiency over the HOST/SIMP interface. The
- more important is the efficiency over the communication media, which is
- lower than that, due to the SIMP-to-SIMP communication overhead.
-
- Another, more familiar, example is sending a single character over the
- ARPANET. In this case the payload is 8 bits, which are preceeded by 40
- bit NCP header and the 96 bit HOST/IMP header. This results in
- eff=8/(8+40+96)=5.5% over the interface, and even lower over the 50kbps
- lines.
-
- Just think what is the efficiency of sending a single character, or even
- a few, over the SATNet... The numbers cannot be very encouraging...
-
- Next Subject: Multi-address
- ---------------------------
-
- For certain applications there is a case for multi-address, namely,
- asking the communication system to deliver the same message-body to
- several addresses. Mailing-lists and conferences are just two examples.
-
-
-
-
- Cohen [Page 2]
-
-
- IEN 52 11 August 1978
- Multiplexing
-
-
-
- The multi-address issue is the dual of the multiplexing which was
- discussed earlier. Multi-address is one message-body with several
- message-headers, whereas the previous muliplexing is one message-header
- with several message-bodies.
-
- Multi-address is:
-
- <Adr1,Adr2 ; Data1> = <Adr1 ; Data1> + <Adr2 ; Data1>
-
- Multiplexing is:
-
- <Adr1 ; Data1,Data2> = <Adr1 ; Data1> + <Adr1 ; Data2>
-
- Let's be (sort of) formal
- -------------------------
-
- (1) Protocol nesting is:
-
- <msg> ::= <hdr> <body>
- <hdr> ::= "type" "addr"
- <body> ::= "data" ! <msg>
-
- (2) Multiplexing is:
-
- <msg> ::= <hdr> <body>
- <hdr> ::= "type" "addr"
- <body> ::= "data" ! <msgs>
- <msgs> ::= <msg> ! <msgs> <msg>
-
- (3) Multi-addressing is:
-
- <msg> ::= <hdr> <body>
- <hdr> ::= "type" "addr" ! <hdr> "addr" <body> ::= "data"
-
- (4) Obviously the most general system is:
-
- <msg> ::= <hdr> <body>
- <hdr> ::= "type" "addr" ! <hdr> "addr" <body> ::= "data" ! <msgs>
- <msgs> ::= <msg> ! <msgs> <msg>
-
- Please consider (4) as a proposal.
-
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- Cohen [Page 3]
-
-
- IEN 52 11 August 1978
- Multiplexing
-
-
-
- The point is twofold:
-
- (1) Save overhead to reduce the number of BITs.
-
- (2) Save overhead to reduce the number of PACKETs.
-
- 3Mbit/sec at 500 bits/packet is 6,000 packets/sec.
-
- Today's gateways can handle 6 packets/sec, with the hope to double it by
- next year..... The factor of 1,000 between these two numbers should
- serve as a warning light.
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- Cohen [Page 4]